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Sains Malaysiana 54(1)(2025): 59-75
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5401-06
Pembentukan Tanah Baki di
Malaysia melalui Faktor Kawalan Fizikal Batuan Induk
(The Formation of Residual Soil in Malaysia
from the Physical Control Factor of Parent Rocks)
AZLAN
SHAH NERWAN SHAH1,2 & NOR SHAHIDAH MOHD NAZER1,*
1Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 6 May
2024/Accepted: 3 October 2024
Abstrak
Batuan induk utama – igneus, sedimen dan metamorf menghasilkan variasi tanah baki in situ yang berbeza di Malaysia. Kajian ini membangunkan nilai fizikal terkini ke atas 38 sampel tanah baki berbeza batuan induk di seluruh Malaysia dengan pengkhususan diberikan ke atas nilai taburan saiz butiran (PSD), had Atterberg melalui penentuan had plastik (PL), had cecair (LL) dan indeks keplastikan (PI), graviti tentu (Gs), indeks tekstur luluhawa (Iw) dan cirian morfologi mikro mineral lempung. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat variasi unjuran PSD dan darjah ketekalan tanah mengikut jenis tanah baki. Tanah baki igneus mempunyai kandungan pasir (Pr) kasar dan kerikil (Kl) yang tinggi dengan julat nilai 83.5%-93.31%. Peratusan lodak (Lk) dan lempung (Lg) adalah rendah ke sederhana, berjulat 6.69%-16.5% serta nilai Gs berjulat sekitar 2.35-2.56. Darjah keplastikan tanah baki igneus adalah rendah–sederhana dengan nilai PL sekitar 27.7%-40.53%, nilai LL berjulat 40.0%-53.93% dan nilai PI sekitar 8.34%-14.56%. Tanah baki metamorf mempunyai peratus butiran kasar yang tinggi dengan julat peratusan Pr + Kl antara 75.5%-95% dan peratus Lk + Lg yang rendah–sederhana berjulat antara 5%-24.5%. Julat Gs adalah antara 2.52-2.71. Nilai PL dan LL masing-masing berjulat antara 19.21%-36.48% dan 29.55%-61.83% dengan nilai PI sekitar 3.60%-25.35%. Tanah baki igneus dan metamorf memperlihatkan nilai Iw yang rendah berbanding tanah baki sedimen dengan kehadiran mineral lempung stabil seperti kaolinit dan haloisit serta peratus butiran kohesif yang rendah. Sampel tanah baki sedimen mempunyai peratus butiran kasar yang lebih rendah dengan julat Pr + Kl antara 54.07%-88% dan peratusan butiran halus Lk + Lg yang tinggi dengan julat antara 12%-45.93%. Julat Gs adalah antara 2.40-2.70. Tanah baki sedimen juga mempunyai darjah keplastikan yang tinggi dengan julat nilai PL dan LL masing-masing antara 21.58%-40.71% dan 38.95%-88.42% serta nilai PI sekitar 7.24%-51.61%. Tanah ini ditandai dengan kehadiran mineral lempung mengembang seperti montmorilonit dan vermikulit.
Kata kunci: Mineral lempung; sifat fizikal; taburan saiz butiran; tanah baki
Abstract
The main
parent rocks – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic produce different in
situ residual soil variations in Malaysia. The study developed the latest
physical values obtained for 38 soil samples from different parent rock
throughout Malaysia, focusing on the particle size distribution (PSD) value,
Atterberg limits from the determination of plastic limit (PL), liquid limit
(LL) and plasticity index (PI), specific gravity (Gs), weathering
textural index (Iw), and
micro-morphological properties of clay minerals. The results found varying PSD
projections and degree of soil consistency show depending on residual soils
type. The residual igneous soil has a high content of coarse sand (Pr) and gravel (Kl) ranging from
83.5%-93.31%. The percentage of silt (Lk) and clay (Lg) is low-medium, ranging from 6.69%-16.5% and
the Gs values ranged between 2.35-2.56. The degree of plasticity of
the igneous residual soil is low to moderate, with PL and LL values ranging
between 27.7%-40.53% and 40.0%-53.93%, respectively, and PI values around
8.34%-14.56%. Metamorphic residual soil has a higher coarse grains percentage
with a Pr + Kl percentage
ranging between 75.5%-95% and low-medium range of Lk + Lg ranging between 5%-24.5%. The Gs ranges between 2.52-2.71. The PL and LL values each ranging between
19.21%-36.48% and 29.55%-61.83%, respectively, with the PI values between
3.60%-25.35%. Igneous and metamorphic residual soils show a lower Iw values compared to sedimentary
residual soils, with the presence of stable clay minerals like kaolinite and
halloysite and lower percentage of cohesive particles. The sedimentary residual
soils sample has a lower coarse grains percentage with Pr + Kl ranges between 54.07%-88% and a higher finer grains Lk + Lg percentage with a range between 12%-
45.93%. The Gs ranges between 2.40-2.70. Sedimentary residual soils
also show a high degree of plasticity, with a range of PL and LL values between
21.58%-40.71% and 38.95%-88.42%, respectively, and PI values between
7.24%-51.61%. This soil is marked by the presence of expanding clay minerals
like montmorillonite and vermiculite.
Keywords: Clay
minerals; particle size distribution; physical properties; residual soil
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